AI in Everything, and Everything in AI: A Review of the Ubiquitous Role of Artificial Intelligence in Shaping the Next Technological Epoch
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69996/jcai.2025024Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Technological Convergence, Socio-technical Systems, Automation, InnovationAbstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is no longer a discrete technological discipline—it has evolved into a ubiquitous, integrative force permeating virtually every domain of human activity, from scientific discovery and economic systems to governance, healthcare, and the fabric of everyday life. This review critically examines the pervasive diffusion of AI technologies, conceptual frameworks, and methodological paradigms across diverse sectors, highlighting how AI is simultaneously a tool, a subject of innovation, and a transformative agent. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature from computer science, economics, business, policy, ethics, and the applied sciences, this article maps the evolving contours of an AI-driven epoch. It interrogates the shifting boundaries between human and machine intelligence, assesses the socio-technical implications of automation and datafication, and evaluates the governance challenges posed by AI's expanding footprint. Special attention is given to emerging intersections—such as AI in sustainability transitions, fintech infrastructures, smart governance, cybersecurity, and the Internet of Things (IoT)—where AI acts not merely as an enhancer but as a structural enabler of new socio-economic orders.
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