Development of an Age-Calibrated Automatic Heart Rate Monitoring System with Real-Time Alerts Using Arduino Microcontroller & GSM Module
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69996/rcvrbz36Keywords:
Arduino microcontroller, GSM module, Photoplethysmography, Remote patient monitoring, Serial communication.Abstract
Heart rate monitoring system is an essential tool to track patient vital signs for medical emergencies. Embedded (Arduino microcontroller, pulse sensor and GSM modules) and wireless heart rate monitoring systems were developed. However, employing universal thresholds without accounting for physiological variation across age groups is the main issue associated with the embedded monitoring system, while the wireless system works in a limited domain..This work presents the development of an age-calibrated automatic heart rate monitoring system with real-time alert. The system utilized the used of an Arduino Uno microcontroller, GSM module, and a photoplethysmography (PPG) heart rate sensor. The system was developed based on sensor mapping. An age-based evaluation algorithm was implemented to assess heart rate status (normal, high or low). Experimental results shows that an abnormality alert is sent to the patient, next of kin, and medical personnel via the GSM module, if the measured heart rate exceeds or falls below the defined threshold for a given age group. The system demonstrated reliable detection of abnormal conditions, with calibration effectively reducing the error between raw sensor readings and reference values. The integration of age-dependent thresholds ensures personalized monitoring, while the GSM communication feature supports timely medical intervention. This approach provides reliable solution suitable for continuous patient monitoring, especially in telemedicine and resource-limited healthcare environments.
References
[1] R. Chaudhry, J. H. Miao, and A. Rehman, “Physiology, Cardiovascular,” StatPearls Publishing LLC, pp. 1–8, 2022.
[2] O. A.-L. Mohammed, “Physics of the Cardiovascular System,” in Medical Physics, no. 1, pp. 66–162, 2018.
[3] M. Saudi, "Heart Disease," Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, 2024.
[4] H. Series H3, UNDERSTANDING HEART DISEASE. Scotland: Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland, 2014.
[5] S. Hindinamani and A. B. Bodas, “Implementation of Zigbee Technology for Patient HealthCare Monitoring System,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Commun. Eng., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 400–402, 2017.
[6] U. T. Baban, A. B. Shehu, and M. B. Ahmad, “Using an Arduino and GSM Module to Simulate Heart Rate Monitoring Devices with Pulse Sensors,” Glob. J. Res. Eng. Comput. Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 6–15, 2025.
[7] P. Yadav, R. Agrawal and K. Kashish, “Performance Evaluation of ad hoc Wireless Local Area Network in Telemedicine Applications,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 125, pp. 267– 274, 2018.
[8] M. Dachyar, T. Y. M. Zagloel and L. R. Saragih, “Knowledge growth and development : internet of things (IoT ) research, 2006 – 2018,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. April, 2019.
[9] M. Seth, V. Patel, A. Mishra, S. Gupta and K. Sheikh, “Measuring Heart Rate Using the Pulse Sensor,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Ideas Innov. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 2183–2185, 2021.
[10] S. Chavan, S. Shukla, P. Vethekar and S. Singh, “Health Monitoring Tracking System Using GPS and GSM Module,” Int. J. Trend Sci. Res. Dev., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 2137–2138, 2022.
[11] M. A. E. Sheta, R. A. E. El-Adly and A. E. E. ElAlfi, “Developing Smart System for Managing Heart Patients’ Crises,” Res. J. Specif. Educ. Fac. Specif. Educ. Mansoura Univ. MBSE Jounals, no. 67, pp. 315–346, 2022.
[12] N. A. Amirrudin, M. Nazreen, M. A. Syafiq, M. H. Irwan and F. A. Bolang, “Heart rate sensor with IoT features,” Res. J. Specif. Educ. Fac. Specif. Educ. Mansoura Univ. MBSE Jounals, vol. 05002, pp. 4–8, 2024.
[13] N. Hussain and A. A. Mohammed, “An IoT-Based Vital Signs System for Early Heart Attack Detection,” J. Sensors, IoT Heal. Sci., vol. 03, no. 04, pp. 17–30, 2025.
[14] L. E. Shan, M. Zeedhan, M. H. Baswaid and A. Noor Ul, “IoT-Based Heart Rate Monitoring: A Comparative Analysis of Microcontroller Systems for Real-Time Health Monitoring,” Prepr. MDPI, no. March, 2025.
[15] B. Maheswaran, O. Ciaravino, and S. Antonio, “Heart Rate Monitor,” Ohio, 2022.
[16] M. A. G. Santos, “Online heart monitoring systems on the internet of health things environments : A survey , a reference model and an outlook,” Inf. Fusion, vol. 53, no. May 2019, pp. 222–239, 2020.
[17] A. Galli, R. J. H. Montree, S. Que, E. Peri and R. Vullings, “An Overview of the Sensors for Heart Rate Monitoring Used in Extramural Applications,” MDPI Sens., vol. 22, pp. 1– 29, 2022.
[18] M. M. A. Hashem, R. Shams, M. A. Kader, and M. A. Sayed, “Design and Development of a Heart Rate Measuring Device using Fingertip,” in IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE’10), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2010, pp. 197–201.
[19] J. Blum, "Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry," Second Edi. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
[20] M. Mcroberts, Beginning Arduino, First Edit. United States of America: Apress, 2010.
[21] A. S. Haruna and M. H. Ali, “Analog Voltage to Bit Per Minute (bpm) Conversion in Heart Rate Sensor : A Least Square Regression-Based Approach Using Arduino Microcontroller,” Dutse J. Pure Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 1b, pp. 360–369, 2026.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Sensors, IoT & Health Sciences (JSIHS,ISSN: 2584-2560)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Fringe Global Scientific Press publishes all the papers under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) license. Authors have the liberty to replicate and distribute their work. Authors have the ability to use either the whole or a portion of their piece in compilations or other publications that include their own work. Please see the licensing terms for more information on reusing the work.
