Lithium-ion Battery and its Second Life
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51976/j021f070Keywords:
Electric Vehicles (EVs), Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB), Second Life Battery (SLB)Abstract
The era of Electric Vehicles (EV) has dawned. High-performance, low-cost automotive batteries are a key technology for successful electric vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries have increased energy density and improved battery performance. With the swift escalation in number of EVs, the world will soon face a threat from the potential waste of EV batteries if such batteries are not considered for secondary use before being discarded it can be a huge setback for the smoother transition toward electric vehicles
References
[1] https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle
[2] https://mahindraelectricautomobile.com/
[3] https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/28/business/gm-zero-emission-vehicles.html
[5] Vidyanandan KV. Batteries for Electric Vehicles.1 (38). 2019: 1-7.
[6] B. Balagopal, C.S. Huang, M. Chow, ‘Effect of Calendar Aging on Li Ion Battery Degradation and SOH’, 43rd Annual Conf. of the IEEE Ind. Ele. 2017: 7647-7652.
[7] Bukhari et al. Comparison of Characteristics - Lead Acid, Nickel Based, Lead Crystal and Lithium Based Batteries. 2017: 444-450.
[8] Alejandro, Rechargeable Lithium Batteries: From Fundamentals to Application (Woodhead Publishing, 2015.
[9] The Development and Future of Lithium Ion Batteries: George E. Blomgren 2017 J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 A5019.
[10] J. Li, S. He, Q. Yang, Z. Wei, Y. Li and H. He, "A Comprehensive Review of Second Life Batteries Towards Sustainable Mechanisms: Potential, Challenges, and Future Prospects," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2022.3220411.
[11] E. Hossain, D. Murtaugh, J. Mody, H. M. R. Faruque, M. S. Haque Sunny and N. Mohammad, "A Comprehensive Review on Second-Life Batteries: Current State, Manufacturing Considerations, Applications, Impacts, Barriers & Potential Solutions, Business Strategies, and Policies," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 73215-73252, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2917859.
[12] https://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes.
[13] Zhou, Y., Wang, M., Hao, H. et al. Plug-in electric vehicle market penetration and incentives: a global review. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 20, 777–795 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9611-2.
[14] J. Neubauer, K. Smith, E. Wood, A. Pesaran, Identifying and Overcoming Critical Barriers to Widespread Second Use of PEV Batteries, Natl. Renew. Energy Lab. (2015) 23–62, no. February.
[15] G. Harper et al, Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles, Nature 575 (7781) (2019) 75–86.
[16] World Economic Forum (WEF), A vision for a sustainable battery value chain in 2030 unlocking the full potential to power sustainable development and climate change mitigation, 2019.
[17] D. Stringer, M. Jie, Where 3 million electric vehicle batteries will go when they retire, bloomberg, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.bloombergquint.com/technology/where-3-million-electric-vehicle-batteries-will-go-when-they-retire.
[18] G. Reid, J. Julve, Second life-batteries as flexible storage for renewables energies, 2016.
[19] Engel, H., Hertzke, P., and Siccardo, G. (2019). Second-life EV batteries: the newest value pool in energy storage. https://www. mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-andassembly/our-insights/second-life-ev-batteries-the-newest-value-pool-in-energy-storage.
[20] Xing, Yinjiao, et al. "Battery management systems in electric and hybrid vehicles." Energies 4.11 (2011): 1840-1857.
[21] Kozlowski, J.D. Electrochemical Cell Prognostics Using Online Impedance Measurements and Model-Based Data Fusion Techniques. In Proceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 8–15 March 2003; Volume 7, pp. 3257–3270.
[22] State of Charge (SOC) Determination. Available online: http://www.mpoweruk.com/soc.htm.
[23]Pattipati, B.; Pattipati, K.; Christopherson, J.P.; Namburu, S.M.; Prokhorov, D.V.; Qiao, L. Automotive Battery Management System. In Proceedings of IEEE AUTOTESTCON, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 8–11 September 2008; pp. 581–586.
[24] Richa, K., Babbitt, C.W., Nenadic, N.G. et al. Environmental trade-offs across cascading lithium-ion battery life cycles. Int J Life Cycle Assess 22, 66–81 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0942-3.
[25]Tedjar, F. "Challenges for recycling advanced Li‐ion batteries." Proc. International Battery Association (IBA2013), Barcelona (2013).
[26] P. Meshram, B.D. Pandey, T.R. Mankhand, Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review, Hydrometallurgy 150 (2014) 192–208.
[27] A. Katwala, ‘‘The spiralling environmental cost of our lithium battery addiction | WIRED UK,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteriesenvironment-impact (accessed: 29-Dec-2020
[28] R. Reinhardt, S. G. Domingo, B. A. García and I. Christodoulou, "Macro environmental analysis of the electric vehicle battery second use market", Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Eur. Energy Market (EEM), pp. 1-6, 2017.
[29] Chian YT et al. A Review on Recent Progress of Batteries for Electric Vehicles. Int J Appl Eng Res. 14(24). 2019: 4441-4461.
[30]mGrover, D., Bansal, S., Ishan, & Saini, R. C. (2019, December 1). Smart Locked Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicle. 2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference, ITEC-India 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC-India48457.2019.ITECIndia2019-55
[31] Saini, R. C. (2018). Optimization of Process Parameters of EDM Drill for Metal Removal Rate (MRR) and Tool Wear Rate (TWR) Sambhav Mehta. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338501120
[32] Saini, R. C. (n.d.). STUDY AND DESIGN OF SUSPENSION KINEMATICS FOR A FORMULA STUDENT VEHICLE. www.ijmer.in
[33] Saini, R. C. (n.d.). Design, Analysis, Manufacturing and Testing of Plastic Compound Brake Master Cylinder. www.ijmer.in
[34] Grover, D., Bansal, S., & Saini, R. (n.d.). ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BATTERY SWAP STATION FOR ELECTRIC THREE WHEELED VEHICLE.
[35] Jindal, R., Arora, R., Papney, R., Patel, M., Chander Saini, R., & Rana, R. (2022). Torsion test for a BAJA chassis using gyroscopic sensor and validation of CAE results. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 3774–3779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.019
[36] Chander Saini, R., Mahendru, H., & Aidhi, R. (2020). Dual-Stage Emission Reduction System Using Cu-Zeolite and Cobalt Oxide. In www.ijmer.com | (Vol. 10, Issue 5). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344013058
[37] Saini, R. C., & Rana, R. (2020). Designing and Analyzing the Suspension System of the Formula SAE. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, 5(2), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202004250
[38] Upadhyaya, S., Saini, R. C., & Rana, R. (2020). Design optimization and FEM Analysis of a Floating Caliper for BAJA ATV Vehicles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, 5(2), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202004244
[39] Bhardwaj, V., Dayal, N., Sharma, H., Aidhi, R., & Saini, R. (2022). Validating the Design of CV Axle for BAJA SAE ATV. SAE Technical Papers, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0644
[40] Mahendru, H., Aidhi, R., & Chander Saini, R. (2020). Dual-Stage Emission Reduction System Using Cu-Zeolite and Cobalt Oxide. In www.ijmer.com | (Vol. 10, Issue 5). www.ijmer.com
[41] Upadhyaya, S., Raj, D., Gupta, K., Saini, R. C., Rana, R., & Lal, R. (2020). Designing and Analyzing the Brake Master Cylinder for an ATV vehicle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202001143
[42] Sharma, M., Saini, R. C., & Rana, R. (2020). Design and Optimization of Suspension and Steering System of Efficycle – Human Powered Hybrid Tricycle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, 5(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202001148
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation(IJARI, 2347-3258)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Fringe Global Scientific Press publishes all the papers under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) license. Authors have the liberty to replicate and distribute their work. Authors have the ability to use either the whole or a portion of their piece in compilations or other publications that include their own work. Please see the licensing terms for more information on reusing the work.
